Papain Degrades Tight Junction Proteins of Human Keratinocytes In Vitro and Sensitizes C57BL/6 Mice via the Skin Independent of its Enzymatic Activity or TLR4 Activation.

What was studied

The primary experiments directly apply papain to human keratinocytes and mouse skin. Cell and mouse hazard study, not an incidence estimate in cosmetic users. Exposure conditions and enzyme activity matter; the study supplies no exfoliation benefit claim.

Checked against the published abstract on Oct 1, 2026. Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗